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2025 in spaceflight

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2025 in spaceflight
(top) Blue Origin's New Glenn launch; (mid left) Firefly's Blue Ghost lunar lander; (mid right) NASA astronaut Sunita Williams during EVA; (bottom left) asteroid Donaldjohanson; (bottom right) JAXA's HTV-X cargo spacecraft
Orbital launches
First4 January
Last17 December
Total317
Successes306
Failures11
Partial failures0
National firsts
Satellite
Space traveller
Rockets
Maiden flights
Retirements
Crewed flights
Orbital8
Orbital travellers28
Suborbital6
Suborbital travellers36
Total travellers64
EVAs6
2025 in spaceflight
← 2024
2026 →

Spaceflight in 2025 followed the 2020s trend of record-breaking numbers of orbital launches (with 306 successes and counting) and new developments in low-Earth orbit human spaceflight (Fram2, Cygnus XL, HTV-X). Spaceflight in 2025 included numerous private companies' launches using reusable launch vehicles (Falcon 9 and for the first time also New Glenn). Three private robotic landers attempted landing on the Moon, resulting in one full (Blue Ghost M1) and one partial success (IM-2). Among the year's highlights in Solar system science were launches and innovative operations of seven heliophysics and space weather missions by NASA, NOAA, and ESA (PUNCH, TRACERS, IMAP, SWFO-L1, Carruthers, PROBA-3, and Solar Orbiter). In 2025, humanity got the first close-up view of one new Solar system object, the main belt asteroid Donaldjohanson visited by the NASA probe Lucy. CNSA launched the Tianwen-2 asteroid sample return mission and NASA launched the twin ESCAPADE spacecraft to study the atmosphere of Mars.

Overview

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Astronomy and astrophysics

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In March 2025, NASA launched two astronomy missions on a single Falcon 9 flight to low-Earth orbit. SPHEREx is a space telescope designed to perform an all-sky survey to measure the near-infrared spectra of hundreds of millions of galaxies. PUNCH is a constellation of four small satellites for observing the Sun's corona.[1]

ESA's PROBA-3 mission, launched in December 2024, successfully demonstrated precise formation flying of a space telescope spacecraft and an occulter spacecraft, delivering its first coronography pictures of the Sun in June 2025.[2]

Exploration of the Solar System

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On 18 February, ESA's Solar Orbiter left the orbital plane of the solar system after successfully completing its 4th Venus flyby, tilting its orbit to 17°.[3][4][5] The mission's first images and videos of the Sun's south pole were taken in March and then released on 11 June. These are the first images of the Sun's poles taken from outside the ecliptic plane.[6][7]

AstroForge's Brokkr-2 was launched on 27 February to perform a flyby of a near-Earth asteroid and determine if the asteroid is metallic.[8] The mission failed because of communication issues.[9][10]

China launched the Tianwen-2 (ZhengHe) asteroid sample-return and comet probe on 28 May.[11] It will rendezvous with near-Earth asteroid 469219 Kamo'oalewa in mid-2026, attempt to collect samples, and return samples back to Earth in late 2027. Then it will travel to main-belt comet 311P/PANSTARRS for a decade-long mission to further explore the mysterious comet-like object.[12]

NASA's twin ESCAPADE spacecraft were launched on 13 November on New Glenn with the aim of investigating the effects of the solar wind on the Martian atmosphere.[13] The two spacecraft were launched on an innovative trajectory where they stay in a staging orbit around the Sun-Earth Lagrange point L2 until late 2026 when the Mars transfer window opens.[14]

Multiple American, Chinese, and European interplanetary spacecraft attempted observing the third known interstellar object 3I/ATLAS, which had its closest approach to the Sun in 2025.[15][16][17][18] The observations by ESA's Trace Gas Orbiter were used to predict the object's path, resulting in a substantial increase in accuracy. This was the first time that astrometric data from a spacecraft at another planet have been accepted in the Minor Planet Center's database.[19][20][21]

Lunar exploration

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On 15 January, Blue Ghost Mission 1 by Firefly Aerospace and Hakuto-R Mission 2 by ispace launched together on a Falcon 9.

Firefly Aerospace's lunar lander carried NASA-sponsored experiments and commercial payloads as a part of Commercial Lunar Payload Services program to Mare Crisium.[22] Landing was completed successfully on 2 March 2025.[23] The mission exceeded expectations by transmitting over 110 GB of scientific and imaging data, including high‐definition views of the lunar horizon glow and an eclipse, far surpassing previous CLPS mission data yields.[24]

Epic Aerospace's Chimera-1 Space tug was planned to transition from TLI to Geosynchronous but failed due to a possible communication failure.[25][26]

On 5 June, Hakuto-R Mission 2, carrying the RESILIENCE lunar lander and the TENACIOUS micro rover, attempted a landing in Mare Frigoris but crashed into the lunar surface.[27][28][29]

Intuitive Machines's lunar lander IM-2, carrying NASA-sponsored experiments and commercial rovers (Yaoki, AstroAnt, Micro-Nova and MAPP LV1) and payloads as a part of Commercial Lunar Payload Services program to Mons Mouton, was launched on 27 February 2025 on a Falcon 9 launch vehicle with Brokkr-2 and Lunar Trailblazer. IM-2 landed on 6 March 2025. The spacecraft was intact after touchdown but resting on its side, thereby complicating its planned science and technology demonstration mission; this outcome is similar to what occurred with the company's IM-1 Odysseus spacecraft in 2024.[30]

Lunar Trailblazer aimed to aid in the understanding of lunar water and the Moon's water cycle. The mission failed as contact was never established with spacecraft after launch.[31]

Human spaceflight

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On 30 January, Sunita Williams broke the world record for the most time spent on spacewalk by a woman when she accumulated 62 hours and 6 minutes on her ninth EVA. The record was previously held by Peggy Whitson with 60 hours and 21 minutes.[32]

On 1 April at 01:46 (UTC)[b], Fram2 launched aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket, becoming the first crewed spaceflight to enter a polar retrograde orbit,[33] i.e., to fly over Earth's poles.[34]

The Axiom Mission 4 to the ISS (25 June to 15 July), which debuted the newest Crew Dragon capsule Grace, carried a four-person crew including commander Peggy Whitson, pilot Shubhanshu Shukla of ISRO, and mission specialists Sławosz Uznański-Wiśniewski, an ESA project astronaut from Poland, and Tibor Kapu, representing the Hungarian Space Office.[35] For India, this was the first human spaceflight mission under the Gaganyyan program. For India, Poland, and Hungary, this was their second human spaceflight after their first astronauts participated in the Interkosmos program in the 1970s and 1980s.[36][37]

In September, Northrop Grumman debuted the newest version of its uncrewed resupply spacecraft, Cygnus XL, with increased payload capacity and pressurized volume.[38][39]

Japan debuted its new resupply spacecraft, HTV-X, that flew aboard H3 on 26 October 2025 (HTV-X1)[40] and successfully arrived at ISS on 29 October 2025.[41]

The Chinese crewed spacecraft Shenzhou 20 was expected to return to Earth in early November 2025 after the arrival of the Shenzhou 21 crew to the Tiangong space station. However, due to suspected space debris damage, the return of Shenzhou 20 has been delayed indefinitely, and the Shenzhou 20 crew returned to Earth on 14 November using the Shenzhou 21 spacecraft instead.[42] On 25 November, China launched the Shenzhou 22 spacecraft without crew to serve as a replacement return craft for the Shenzhou 21 crew.[43]

The Russian Soyuz MS vehicle No. 759, planned for the Soyuz MS-28 mission, was damaged during testing. Roscosmos replaced it with the vehicle No. 753, previously intended for commercial missions which had been cancelled following Russia's invasion of Ukraine.[44][45] During the launch of Soyuz MS-28 to ISS on 27 November,[46] the Site 31 launch complex at the Baikonur Cosmodrome, Russia's only launch site for flights to the ISS, sustained substantial damage.[47][48][49]

Following the reberthing of Cygnus NG-23 to Unity module on 1 December 2025, for the first time, all eight International Space Station docking ports were occupied. It was held on Canadarm2 away from its docking port on 24 November 2025, as its position would otherwise interfere with the approach corridor for Soyuz MS-28 at the Rassvet nadir docking port. The space station currently hosts: SpaceX Dragon 2s (Crew-12 and CRS-33), Northrop Grumman's Cygnus XL (NG-23), JAXA’s HTV-X1, Roscosmos' Soyuz MS (MS-27 and MS-28), Progress MS (MS-31 and MS-32) spacecrafts. Alongside all the three docking ports of Tiangong Space Station were occupied by Shenzhou spacecraft (20 and 22) and Tianzhou 9 spacecrafts.[50][51]

Rocket innovation

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Blue Origin completed the maiden flight of its New Glenn rocket on 16 January 2025. The second stage successfully placed its payload into orbit, while the first stage failed to land on the recovery ship offshore.[52] On its second flight on 13 November, the first stage "Never Tell Me The Odds" landed on the Jacklyn drone ship, making it the first non-SpaceX orbital-class booster to successfully land propulsively.[53]

Zhuque-3 became the first non-American launch vehicle to attempt recovery of its first stage booster when it launched on its maiden flight on December 3. An anomaly during its landing burn resulted in a crash landing.[54]

Satellite technology

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ISRO successfully completed the docking of two SpaDeX satellites (SDX-01 & SDX-02) in the early hours of 16 January 2025.[55] Docking of two vehicles in space has previously only been achieved by the Soviet Union/Russia, United States, ESA, and China.

Kuiper Systems, Amazon's satellite internet subsidiary, has started initial launches. It plans a constellation of over 3,000 satellites. The launches will occur on Atlas V, Falcon 9, Vulcan Centaur, Ariane 6 and New Glenn launch vehicles.[56]

Guowang, a Chinese satellite internet constellation, has started regular launches.[57] A constellation of over 13,000 satellites in low-Earth orbit is expected by the project's end.[58]

NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR), a joint project between NASA and ISRO to co-develop and launch a dual-frequency synthetic aperture radar satellite that is used for remote sensing was launched on 30 July 2025. It is notable for being the first dual-band radar imaging satellite.[59]

ESA launched four new missions for the EU's Earth observation programme Copernicus. The atmosphere-monitoring Sentinel-4A and Sentinel-5A launched in July and August aboard other European satellites in a two-missions-one-satellite approach,[60][61][62] while the radar missions Sentinel-1D and Sentinel-6B launched as standalone spacecraft in November.[63][64] ESA also launched two new Earth observation satellite missions of its FutureEO programme, the radar-equipped Earth Explorer 7 Biomass for monitoring carbon storage in forests[65] and a pair of HydroGNSS satellites for GNSS reflectometry, the first Scout-type mission of the programme. Furthermore, the ESA-supported Earth observation constellations AIX, HiVE, and IRIDE launched their first satellites in 2025.[66][67][68][69]

Orbital launches

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Main articles: List of spaceflight launches in January–March 2025, List of spaceflight launches in April–June 2025, List of spaceflight launches in July–September 2025, and List of spaceflight launches in October–December 2025
Numbers of orbital launches
Month Total Successes Failures Partial failures
January 22 21 1 0
February 20 20 0 0
March 27 24 3 0
April 26 25 1 0
May 29 27 2 0
June 25 25 0 0
July 24 23 1 0
August 29 28 1 0
September 31 30 1 0
October 26 26 0 0
November 31 30 1 0
December 27 27 0 0
Total 317 306 11 0

Deep-space rendezvous

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Date (UTC) Spacecraft Event Remarks
8 January BepiColombo Sixth gravity assist at Mercury Success
13 February Blue Ghost Mission 1 Lunar orbit insertion Success[70]
14 February Hakuto-R Mission 2 Lunar flyby This flyby placed the lander into a low-energy ballistic transfer orbit for capture into lunar orbit in mid-May.[71]
18 February Solar Orbiter Fourth gravity assist at Venus This flyby of Venus will increase the inclination of the spacecraft's orbit from about 7.7 to around 17 degrees.[72]
1 March Europa Clipper Gravity assist at Mars Success
2 March Blue Ghost Mission 1 Lunar landing Success
Landing site is in Mare Crisium near Mons Latreille, coordinates 18°34′N 61°49′E / 18.56°N 61.81°E / 18.56; 61.81
3 March IM-2 Athena Lunar orbit insertion Success
6 March IM-2 Athena Lunar landing Partial success; Lander tipped over after touchdown. Landing site is on Mons Mouton, coordinates 84°47′26″S 29°11′45″E / 84.7906°S 29.1957°E / -84.7906; 29.1957)
12 March Hera Gravity assist at Mars Success
Conducted observations and a flyby of the Martian moon Deimos
22 March Parker Solar Probe 23rd perihelion
20 April Lucy Flyby of asteroid 52246 Donaldjohanson Success, target altitude 922 km
6 May Hakuto-R Mission 2 Lunar orbit insertion Success[73]
10 May Kosmos 482 descent stage Earth entry and impact The Blok L upper stage failed to deliver the spacecraft to a Venus transfer orbit, stranding Kosmos 482's descent stage in orbit for 53 years (other components entered as early as 1972). The stage's entry was monitored by Roscosmos, with the vehicle impacting the Indian Ocean west of Jakarta.
5 June Hakuto-R Mission 2 Lunar landing Landing targeted for Mare Frigoris, landing failure
19 June Parker Solar Probe 24th perihelion
31 August Juice Gravity assist at Venus Success[74]
15 September Parker Solar Probe 25th perihelion
23 September OSIRIS-APEX Gravity assist at Earth Success, target altitude 3442 km[75][76]
6 November Chandrayaan-3 Propulsion module Lunar Flyby Success, target altitude of 3,740 km from lunar surface, spacecraft outside communication range.[77][78]
11 November Chandrayaan-3 Propulsion module Lunar Flyby Success, target altitude of 4,537 km from lunar surface, conducted engineering and scientific tests as well as an orbit change manoeuvre.[77][78]
12 December Parker Solar Probe 26th perihelion

Extravehicular activities (EVAs)

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See also: List of spacewalks since 2025
Start date/time Duration End time Spacecraft Crew Remarks
16 January
13:01 		6 hours 19:01 Expedition 72
ISS Quest
Hague and Williams ventured outside and replaced the Rate Gyro Assembly Gyroscope 2 on the S0 Truss, replaced the retro reflectors on IDA 3, installed shields on NICER to patch holes in the light shades, relocated the C2V2 cables out of the way so the astronauts and Canadarm 2 could access the worksite, tested a tool on the AMS jumpers, and photographed the AMS jumpers so they can be de-mated on a future spacewalk. As part of a get-ahead task, they inspected an ammonia vent line on Unity and inspected a foot restraint located near the Z1 Radio Antenna. This spacewalk was originally supposed to be performed by Andreas Mogensen and Loral O'Hara during Expedition 70, but it was delayed indefinitely due to a radiator leak on Nauka.[79]
20 January
08:55 		8 hours, 17 minutes 17:12 Shenzhou 19
TSS Wentian
Tasks included installation of space debris protection devices and inspections of the exterior of the TSS.[80]
30 January
12:43 		5 hours, 26 minutes 18:09 Expedition 72
ISS Quest
Wilmore and Williams successfully removed a faulty radio communications unit, although the time needed for this meant that other tasks that were scheduled for the spacewalk weren't accomplished. Williams broke the record for the woman to have spent the most on EVA, with a total of 62 hours and 6 minutes.[32]
1 May
13:05 		5 hours, 44 minutes 18:49 Expedition 73
ISS Quest
McClain and Ayers relocated a communications antenna, installed a mounting bracket for a future Roll Out Solar Array, installed a jumper cable to provide power from the P6 truss to the Russian Orbital Segment and removed bolts from a micrometeoroid cover.[81]
22 May
00:50 		7 hours, 59 minutes 08:49 Shenzhou 20
TSS Tianhe
Tasks included installation of more space debris protection devices and inspections of the exterior, fixing damages to the TSS. First Chinese EVA from core module since transitioning into application and development phase.
26 June
07:00 		6 hours, 29 minutes 13:29 Shenzhou 20
TSS Wentian
Tasks included installation of more space debris protection devices and inspections of the exterior, fixing damages to the TSS. They added foot restraints and EVA interface adapters on portable work platform for future EVAs.[82]
15 August
04:17 		6 hours, 30 minutes 10:47 Shenzhou 20
TSS Wentian
Tasks included completing installation of debris protection devices and auxiliary extravehicular facilities, and inspecting and maintaining external equipment.[83]
25 September
11:30 		6 hours, 35 minutes 17:35 Shenzhou 20
TSS Wentian
Tasks included completing installation of debris protection devices for the space station and inspecting external equipment and facilities. It marked the first time that two members of China's third batch of taikonauts jointly carried out an EVA. So far, the Shenzhou-20 crew has completed four EVAs, making them one of the Chinese crews with the most extravehicular missions.[84]
16 October
17:10 		6 hours, 9 minutes 23:19 Expedition 73
ISS Poisk
Ryzhikov and Zubritsky ventured out and installed the Ekran-M payload onto the Nauka Module frame, jettisoned some cameras and a mounting platform, and cleaned the windows on the Zvezda Service Module. As getahead task they removed SKK panel 3 and Biorisk container 2 and brought them inside.[85]
28 October
14:18 		6 hours, 54 minutes 21:12 Expedition 73
ISS Poisk
Ryzhikov and Zubritsky ventured out and installed the IPI plasma injector onto the Nauka Module, relocated the ERA control panel, cleaned the Nauka science window, and replaced a cassette in the Ekran-M payload which was installed on the last spacewalk. The original task to jettison some hardware on the Zvezda Service Module and some window cleaning equipment will be moved to the next spacewalk to prevent debris strikes on the HTV-X, which is on final approach.[86]

Orbital launch statistics

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By country

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For the purposes of this section, the yearly tally of orbital launches by country assigns each flight to the country of origin of the rocket, not to the launch services provider or the spaceport. For example, Electron rockets launched from the Māhia Peninsula in New Zealand are counted under the United States because Electron is an American rocket. For a launch attempt to be considered orbital it must be trying to achieve a positive perigee. Launches from the Moon are not included in the statistics.

Country Launches Successes Failures Partial
failures
 Australia 1 0 1 0
 China 87 84 3 0
 France 4 4 0 0
 Germany 1 0 1 0
 India 4 3 1 0
 Iran 1 0 1 0
 Israel 1 1 0 0
 Italy 3 3 0 0
 Japan 3 3 0 0
 Russia 15 15 0 0
 South Korea 1 1 0 0
 United States 196[c] 192 4 0
World 317 306 11 0

By rocket

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By family

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By type

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By configuration

[edit]

By spaceport

[edit]
50
100
150
200
Australia
China
France
India
Iran
Israel
Japan
Kazakhstan
New Zealand
North Korea
Norway
Russia
South Korea
United States
Site Country Launches Successes Failures Partial failures Remarks
Andøya  Norway 1 0 1 0 First orbital launch
Baikonur  Kazakhstan 6 6 0 0
Bowen  Australia 1 0 1 0 First launch
Cape Canaveral  United States 82 82 0 0
Jiuquan  China 32 29 3 0
Kennedy  United States 27 27 0 0
Kourou  France 7 7 0 0
Māhia  New Zealand 16 16 0 0
Naro.  South Korea 1 1 0 0
Palmachim  Israel 1 1 0 0
Plesetsk  Russia 8 8 0 0
Satish Dhawan  India 4 3 1 0
Semnan  Iran 1 0 1 0
Starbase  United States 5 2 3 0
Taiyuan  China 12 12 0 0
Tanegashima  Japan 3 3 0 0
Vandenberg  United States 66 65 1 0
Vostochny  Russia 1 1 0 0
Wenchang  China 18 18 0 0
Xichang  China 18 18 0 0
Yellow Sea  China 7 7 0 0
Total 317 306 11 0

By orbit

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  •   Transatmospheric
  •   Low Earth
  •   Low Earth (ISS)
  •   Low Earth (CSS)
  •   Low Earth (SSO)
  •   Low Earth (polar)
  •   Low Earth (retrograde)
  •   Medium Earth
  •   Molniya
  •   Geosynchronous
  •   High Earth
  •   Lunar transfer
  •   Heliocentric
Orbital regime Launches Achieved Not achieved Accidentally
achieved 		Remarks
Transatmospheric 5 2 3 0
Low Earth / Sun-synchronous 269 261 8 0 Including flights to ISS and Tiangong (CSS)
Geosynchronous / Tundra / GTO 30 30 0 0
Medium Earth / Molniya 8 8 0 0
High Earth / Lunar transfer 2 2 0 0
Heliocentric orbit / Planetary transfer 3 3 0 0
Total 317 306 11 0

Suborbital launch statistics

[edit]

By country

[edit]

For the purposes of this section, the yearly tally of suborbital launches by country assigns each flight to the country of origin of the rocket, not to the launch services provider or the spaceport. Flights intended to fly below 80 km (50 mi) are omitted. This includes suborbital flights for all purposes, including scientific and military application.

Country Launches Successes Failures Partial
failures
 Canada 3 3 0 0
 Iran 697[d] 697 0 0
 Japan 1 1 0 0
 Netherlands 1 1 0 0
 New Zealand 1 1 0 0
 North Korea 2 2 0 0
 Taiwan 1 0 1 0
 United States 22 22 0 0
 Yemen 8 8 0 0
World 736 735 1 0

Maiden flights

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Rocket Origin Organization Reusable Launch Outcome Ref.
New Glenn 7x2 United States Blue Origin First stage 16 January Success [88]
Starship Block 2 United States SpaceX First stage 16 January Failure [89]
Long March 8A China China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology — 11 February Success [90][91]
Spectrum Germany Isar Aerospace — 30 March Failure [92]
Eris Block 1 Australia Gilmour Space Technologies — 29 July Failure [93]
Vulcan Centaur VC4S United States ULA — 13 August Success [94]
H3-24W Japan JAXA/MHI — 26 October Success [95]
Zhuque-3 China LandSpace First stage 3 December Success [96]
Ceres-2 China Galactic Energy — December TBD [97]
HANBIT-Nano South Korea Innospace — 19 December TBD [98]
Long March 12A China Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology First stage 17 December TBD [99]
Irtysh Russia TsSKB Progress — December TBD [100]
Kinetica 2 China CAS Space First stage Q4 TBD [101]
Yuanxingzhe-1 China Space Epoch First stage Planned TBD [102]
Pallas-1 China Galactic Energy First stage Planned TBD [103]
Tianlong-3 China Space Pioneer First stage Planned TBD [104]
Nebula-1 China Deep Blue Aerospace First stage Uncertain TBD [105]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Last active configuration of this launch vehicle to be retired
  2. ^ SpaceX's Fram2 mission launched on March 31, 2025 at 9:46 PM EDT.
  3. ^ Includes Electron launches from Māhia
  4. ^ From the Iran–Israel war

References

[edit]
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[edit]
Generic references:

Spaceflight portal
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